CCNA Notes

200-301 Exam Prep

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1Networking Devices2Interfaces And Cables3OSI Model and TCP/IP Suite4Intro to the CLI5Ethernet LAN Switching - Part 16Ethernet LAN Switching - Part 27IPv4 Addressing - Part 18IPv4 Addressing - Part 29Switch Interfaces10The IPv4 Header11Routing Fundamentals - Part 111Static Routing - Part 212Life of a Packet13Subnetting - Part 114Subnetting - Part 215Subnetting (VLSM) - Part 316VLANs - Part 117VLANs - Part 218VLANs - Part 319DTP / VTP20Spanning Tree Protocol - Part 121Spanning Tree Protocol - Part 222Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol23Etherchannel24Dynamic Routing25RIP / EIGRP26OSPF - Part 127OSPF - Part 228OSPF - Part 329First Hop Redundancy Protocol30TCP and UDP31IPv6 - Part 132IPv6 - Part 233IPv6 - Part 334Standard Access Control List35Extended Access Control List36CDP and LLDP37NTP - Network Time Protocol38DNS - Domain Name System39DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol40SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol41SYSLOG42SSH - Secure Shell43FTP and TFTP44NAT (Static) - Part 145NAT (Dynamic) - Part 246QoS (Voice VLAN) - Part 147QoS (Quality of Service) - Part 248Security Fundamentals49Port Security50DHCP Snooping51Dynamic ARP Inspection52LAN Architectures53WAN Architectures54Virtualization and Cloud - Part 154Virtualization (Containers) - Part 254Virtualization (VRF) - Part 355Wireless Fundamentals56Wireless Architectures57Wireless Security58Wireless Configuration59Introduction to Network Automation60JSON, XML, and YAML61REST APIs62Software Defined Networking63Ansible, Puppet, and Chef67CCNA Complete Cheatsheet
/OSPF - Part 1
Topic 265 min read

OSPF - Part 1

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26. OSPF : PART 1 (IGP : LINK STATE)

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LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS

  • When using a LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL, every ROUTER creates a ‘connectivity map’ of the NETWORK
  • To allow this, each ROUTER ADVERTISES information about its INTERFACES (connected NETWORKS) to its NEIGHBOURS. These ADVERTISEMENTS are passed along to the other ROUTERS, until all ROUTERS in the NETWORK develop the same map of the NETWORK
  • Each ROUTER independently uses this MAP to calculate the BEST ROUTES to each DESTINATION
  • LINK STATE PROTOCOLS use more resources (CPU) on the ROUTER, because MORE information is shared.
  • However, LINK STATE PROTOCOLS tend to be FASTER in reacting to CHANGES in the NETWORK than DISTANCES VECTOR PROTOCOLS

BASIC OSPF OPERATIONS

  • Stands for Open Shortest Path First
  • Uses the Shortest Path First algorithm
    • Created by Dutch comp. scientist - Edsger Dijkstra
    • aka Dijkstra’s Algorithm (Could be Exam Question)

THREE Versions:

  • OSPFv1 (1989) : OLD, not in use anymore

  • OSPFv2 (1998) : Used for IPv4

  • OSPFv3 (2008) : Used for IPv6 (can be used for IPv4, but v2 is usually used)

  • Routers store information about the NETWORK in LSAs (Link State Advertisements), which are organized in a structure called the LSDB (Link State Database)

  • Routers will FLOOD LSAs until all ROUTERS in the OSPF area develop the same map of the network (LSDB)

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💡 LSA’s have an AGING TIMER of 30 Minutes, by Default). The LSA will be FLOODED again after the timer expires

In OSPF, there are THREE MAIN STEPS in the process of sharing LSAs and determining the BEST ROUTE to each DESTINATION in the network

  1. BECOME NEIGHBORS with other ROUTERS connected to same SEGMENT

  2. EXCHANGE LSAs with neighbor ROUTERS

  3. CALCULATE THE BEST ROUTES to each DESTINATION, and insert them into the ROUTING TABLE

OSPF AREAS

  • OSPF uses AREAS to divide up the NETWORK
  • SMALL NETWORKS can be single-area without any negative effects on performance
  • LARGE NETWORKS, single-area design can have NEGATIVE effects:
    • SPF ALGORITHM takes more time to calculate ROUTES
    • SPF ALGORITHM requires exponentially more processing power on ROUTERS
    • Larger LSDB takes up more MEMORY on ROUTERS
    • Small changes in NETWORK cause every ROUTER to FLOOD LSAs and run the SPF algorithm again
  • By dividing up a large OSPF NETWORK into several SMALLER areas, you can avoid the above NEGATIVE effects (sounds similar to VLANs re: broadcast domains)

WHAT IS AN OSPF AREA?

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  • An AREA is a set of ROUTERS and LINKS that share the same LSDB
  • The BACKBONE AREA (Area 0) is an AREA that all other AREAS must connect to
  • ROUTERS with ALL INTERFACES in the SAME AREA are called INTERNAL ROUTERS
  • ROUTERS with INTERFACES in MULTIPLE AREAS are called AREA BORDER ROUTERS (ABRs)

💡 ABRs maintain a SEPARATE LSDB for each AREA they are connected to.

💡 It is recommended that you connect an ABR to a MAXIMUM of TWO AREAS.

💡 Connecting an ABR to 3+ AREAS can overburden the ROUTER

  • ROUTERS connected to the BACKBONE AREA (Area 0) are called BACKBONE ROUTERS
  • An INTRA-AREA ROUTE is a ROUTE to a DESTINATION inside the same OSPF AREA
  • An INTER-AREA ROUTE is a ROUTE to a DESTINATION in a DIFFERENT OSPF AREA

OSPF RULES

  • OSPF AREAS should be CONTIGUOUS (no split AREAS)
  • All OSPF AREAS must have at least ONE ABR connected to the BACKBONE AREA
  • OSPF INTERFACES in the SAME SUBNET must be in the SAME AREA

BASIC OSPF CONFIGURATION

OSPF AREA 0

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Commands for configuring an OSPF

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  • The OSPF Process ID is locally significant. ROUTERS with different Process IDs can become OSPF Neighbors
  • The OSPF “network” command requires you to specify the AREA (in this case, it’s “area 0”)
  • For the CCNA, you only need to configure single-area OSPF (AREA 0)

The “network” command tells OSPF to:

  • Look for ANY INTERFACES with an IP ADDRESS contained in the RANGE specified in the “network” command
  • Activate OSPF on the INTERFACE in the specified AREA
  • The ROUTER will then try to become OSPF neighbors with other OSPF-Activated neighbor ROUTERS

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  • Know this command from RIP and EIGRP
  • The “passive-interface” command tells the ROUTERS to stop sending OSFP ‘hello’ messages out of the INTERFACE
  • However, the ROUTER will continue to send LSA’s informing it’s neighbors about the SUBNET configured on the INTERFACE
  • You should ALWAYS USE this command on neighbors which don’t have any OSPF neighbors

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“show ip protocols”

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NOTE the "no" in square brackets - this indicates this is the DEFAULT choice

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DISTANCE (AD) for OSPF is 110 (DEFAULT) but can be changed with the “distance” command

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